The human eye, combined with the processing power of the brain, is a remarkable tool for seeing action, however, even this complex network of cells has its limits and, luckily, we have tools that can extend the range of our ability to resolve action.
The primary tools are a high shutter speed and/or a high speed electronic flash. We can start capturing those bits of hidden action when our shutter speed is set to 1/1000th second or shorter. At a certain point, moving a mechanical shutter at a high speed becomes a real engineering challenge so a high speed electronic flash is used where speeds of one millionth of a second are possible.
In the images below, I used an electronic flash to freeze a moment in time. In the pictures of the bouncing tennis ball I combined both the long exposure, time lapse technique and the high speed flash on a single frame of film.